Multi-speed integration is a scenario where existing member states integrate at different paces, where certain member states opt into greater integration in specific policy areas, while others opt out. This would not apply retroactively, so existing policies would remain unified, but new policies would be differentially adopted.

In the African Union, salient policy issues include a common currency, common market, free movement of people, tariff harmonization, and a defence pact/consensual peacekeeping forces.

China currently uses a system of household registration called the “hukou”. This system links an individual’s household registration to a specific municipality and prevents them from permanently settling outside of their home city. Migrant workers without a local hukou cannot access public education, most welfare benefits, and some other services in their new cities. Individuals can apply to transfer their hukou, but must generally meet strict conditions such as home ownership or qualified employment. Conditions to apply for a local hukou have become lower in smaller cities in recent years but remain high in mid-sized and larger cities.

The year is 2050. The Earth is about to be rendered uninhabitable by climate change and there are intentions to establish a Mars colony.

Legal tender is something which is acknowledged by the laws of a state as a mechanism to settle a private or public debt or in order to meet a fiscal responsibility which includes buying of goods and services, paying taxes, abiding by contracts, and finally damages or fines. Almost every country uses its national currency as legal tender i.e. USD EUR, GBP. A country could have more than one legal tender.

For the purposes of this debate, development bonds are used to finance development programs in low resource countries. Investors (public and private) fund development programs, and if the program meets a set target, the investors gain a return on their capital with interest.

Queering is the act of (re)interpreting/identifying elements of queerness within texts, based on contextual evidence available within texts (e.g. seeing Othello-Iago in Othello through homoerotic lenses).